Smoke Control Areas
	Legislative background Smoke control areas Authorised fuels Exempt appliances Interface between the Clean Air Act and Pollution Prevention and Control (PPC) Applying for authorisation/exemption Procedures Contact details

Legislative background

The Clean Air Acts of 1956 and 1968 were introduced to deal with the smogs of the 1950s and 1960s which were caused by the widespread burning of coal for domestic heating and by industry. These smogs were blamed for the premature deaths of hundreds of people in the UK. The Acts gave local authorities powers to control emissions of dark smoke, grit, dust and fumes from industrial premises and furnaces and to declare “smoke control areas” in which emissions of smoke from domestic properties are banned. Since then, smoke control areas have been introduced in many of our large towns and cities in the UK and in large parts of the Midlands, North West, South Yorkshire, North East of England, Central and Southern Scotland. The implementation of smoke control areas, the increased popularity of natural gas and the changes in the industrial and economic structure of the UK lead to a substantial reduction in concentrations of smoke and associated levels of sulphur dioxide (SO₂) between the 1950s and the present day.

These Acts, together with other associated clean air legislation, were repealed and consolidated by the Clean Air Act 1993 which, together with regulations and Orders made under the Act, provide the current legislative controls. Control of smoke emissions may also help reduce emission of a wide range of other pollutants such as particles, sulphur dioxide, PAH and PCDD/F (dioxins and furans). which may be present in smoke.

Smoke control areas

Under the Clean Air Act local authorities may declare the whole or part of the district of the authority to be a smoke control area. It is an offence to emit smoke from a chimney of a building, from a furnace or from any fixed boiler if located in a designated smoke control area. It is also an offence to acquire an “unauthorised fuel” for use within a smoke control area unless it is used in an “exempt” appliance (“exempted” from the controls which generally apply in the smoke control area). The current maximum level of fine is £1,000 for each offence.

The Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs has powers under the Act to authorise smokeless fuels or exempt appliances for use in smoke control areas in England. In Scotland and Wales this power rests with Ministers in the devolved administrations for those countries. Separate legislation, the Clean Air (Northern Ireland) Order 1981, applies in Northern Ireland. Therefore it is a requirement that fuels burnt or obtained for use in smoke control areas have been “unauthorised” in Regulations and that appliances used to burn solid fuel in those areas (other than “unauthorised” fuels) have been exempted by an Order made and signed by the Secretary of State or Minister in the devolved administrations.

Your local authority is responsible for enforcing the legislation in smoke control areas and you can contact them for details of any smoke control areas in their area. They should also have details of the fuels and appliances which may be used.

Location of smoke control areas in the UK

Authorised fuels

Authorised fuels are fuels which are authorised by Statutory Instruments (Regulations) made under the Clean Air Act 1993 or Clean Air (Northern Ireland) Order 1981. These include inherently smokeless fuels such as gas, electricity and anthracite together with specified brands of manufactured solid smokeless fuels. These fuels have passed tests to confirm that they are capable of burning in an open fireplace without producing smoke.

Exempt appliances

Exempt appliances are appliances (ovens, wood burners and stoves) which have been exempted by Statutory Instruments (Orders) under the Clean Air Act 1993 or Clean Air (Northern Ireland) Order 1981. These have passed tests to confirm that they are capable of burning an unauthorised or inherently smoky solid fuel without emitting smoke.

Interface between the Clean Air Act and Pollution Prevention and Control (PPC)

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (defra), and from the Welsh Assembly Government have prepared additional guidance to clarify the interface between the Clean Air Act and Pollution Prevention and Control (PPC). The guidance indicates that any exemptions under the Clean Air Act 1993 for small-scale incinerators or combustion plant burning waste material do not apply if the activity comes under Pollution Prevention Control (PPC) regulation. It also indicates that it is not possible for Defra to consider any new Clean Air Act applications for exemptions which relate to appliances which requires a PPC permit. Therefore, for example, an application for exemption for an appliance for burning waste wood will only be considered if the wood waste to be burned will not contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals as a result of treatment with woodpreservatives or coating, including, in particular wood waste originating from construction and demolition waste.

The guidance relating to the interface between the Clean Air Act and PPC is available via the link below:

Defra have also published guidance relating to the Waste Incineration Directive (WID). The following link provides details of the Waste Incineration Directive Guidance which defra have published which provides useful information on the application of the WID. Among other information the guidance indicates fuels which are not exempt from the waste incineration directive and therefore any industrial combustion plant operator must adhere to WID.

Applying for authorisation/exemption

Before a fuel can be authorised or an appliance exempted for use in smoke control areas, the Secretary of State or Minister must be certain that the fuel can burn on an open fire without producing smoke and that an appliance can burn specified “unauthorised fuels” smokelessly. Fuel and appliance manufacturers must either submit their product for testing or provide sufficient information and evidence to allow the Secretary of State or Minister to decide whether to authorise a fuel or exempt an appliance. Links to details of the application procedures for appliances and fuels are given below.

Procedures

Fuel Authorisation
If you are a fuel manufacturer, importer or distributor and wish to apply for authorisation, please download the procedure from the link below, then apply directly to AEA Energy & Environment or, if you prefer, to Defra and the Devolved Administrations:

Contact details

If you wish to apply for fuel authorisation please forward details of the fuel(s) and any test reports to Christopher Conolly by email or to the address below:

Christopher Conolly,
AEA Energy & Environment, Room 025,
Whittle House,
The Quadrant,
Birchwood Park,
Warrington,
WA3 6FW,
Email: info.sca@uksmokecontrolareas.co.uk

If you wish to apply for exemption of an appliance or appliances please either fill in the Online Application Form or forward details of the appliance(s) to Christopher Conolly by email or post (details above). When applying please include full test reports including smoke emission testing written in English (where testing has already been undertaken), the accreditation certificate for the laboratory that undertook the testing, instruction and operating manuals, technical drawings and proposed fuels.

AEA Energy & Environment will inform Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and the Devolved Administrations of your wish to apply for exemption or authorisation. If required the contact details of Defra and the Devolved Administrations are below:

	England Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Air and Environment Quality Division Ashdown House 123 Victoria Street London, SW1E 6DE Email: air.quality@defra.gsi.gov.uk Tel 020 7082 8397/8376	Northern Ireland Environment and Heritage Service Department of the Environment (Northern Ireland) Calvert House 23 Castle Place Belfast, BT1 1FY
	Scotland Air, Noise and Nuisance Team The Scottish Executive Air Quality Team 1-H North Victoria Quay Edinburgh, EH6 6QQ Email: air.quality@scotland.gov.uk	Wales The National Assembly for Wales Air & Environment Quality Branch Cathays Park Cardiff, CF10 3NQ Email: environmental.protection.division@wales.gsi.gov.uk

For further information or if you have any enquiries regarding the application procedure for fuels and appliances after viewing the information and flow diagrams on this website please contact: Christopher Conolly, or email info.sca@uksmokecontrolareas.co.uk.

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For further information or amendments please contact info.sca@uksmokecontrolareas.co.uk

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